CVH

Generally, an internal combustion engine is associated with one or more electric machines powered by an energy storage device (batteries or supercapacitors, for example). In simulation, the energy management of the hybrid powertrain can be treated as a state-constrained optimal control problem. In addition, the nature of certain control variables, such as the choice of engine on/off state and the gear ratio engaged, leads to a singular control problem.

From the theoretical point of view, the work concerns the solution of optimal control problems with state constraints using inner or outer penalty methods. Using the Pontryagin Minimum principle, the optimization problem reduces to a Boundary Value Problem, which can be solved by numerical algorithms (collocation techniques) if an initial solution, sufficiently close to the desired solution, is available. The main difficulty is therefore the construction of this initial solution.